| DESCRIPTION |
| |
|
| uname -r |
|
show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI) |
| hdaparm -i /dev/hda |
displays the characteristics of a hard-disk |
| hdparm -tT /dev/sda |
perform test reading on a hard-disk |
| cat /proc/cpuinfo |
show information CPU info |
| cat /proc/interrupts |
show interrupts |
| cat /proc/meminfo |
verify memory use |
| cat /proc/swaps |
show file(s) swap |
| cat /proc/version |
show version of the kernel |
| cat /proc/net/dev |
show network adpters and statistics |
| cat /proc/mounts |
show mounted file system(s) |
| lspci -tv |
display PCI devices |
| lsusb -tv |
show USB devices |
| date |
show system date |
| cal 2007 |
show the timetable of 2007 |
| date 041217002007.00 |
set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Secondi |
clock -w
|
save changes on BIOS |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Shutdown, Restart of a system and Logout |
| shutdown -h now |
shutdown system |
| init 0 |
| shutdown -r hours:minutes & |
planned shutdown of the system |
| shutdown -c |
cancel a planned shutdown of the system |
| shutdown -r now |
reboot |
| reboot |
| logout |
leaving session |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Files and Directory |
| cd /home |
enter to directory '/ home' |
| cd .. |
go back one level |
| cd ../.. |
go back two levels |
| cd |
go to home directory |
| cd ~utente |
go to home directory |
| cd - |
go to previous directory |
| pwd |
show the path of work directory |
| ls |
view files of directory |
| ls -F |
view files of directory |
| ls -l |
show details of files and directory |
| ls -a |
show hidden files |
| ls *[0-9]* |
show files and directory containing numbers |
| lstree |
show files and directories in a tree starting from root |
| mkdir dir1 |
create a directory called 'dir1' |
| mkdir dir1 dir2 |
create two directories simultaneously |
| mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 |
create a directory tree |
| rm -f file1 |
delete file called 'file1' |
| rmdir dir1 |
delete directory called 'dir1' |
| rm -rf dir1 |
remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively |
| rm -rf dir1 dir2 |
remove two directories and their contents recursively |
| mv dir1 new_dir |
rename / move a file or directory |
| cp file1 file2 |
copying a file |
| cp dir/* . |
copy all files of a directory within the current work directory |
| cp -a /tmp/dir1 . |
copy a directory within the current work directory |
| cp -a dir1 dir2 |
copy a directory |
| ln -s file1 lnk1 |
create a symbolic link to file or directory |
| ln file1 lnk1 |
create a physical link to file or directory |
| touch -t 0712250000 fileditest |
modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm) |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| File search |
| find / -name file1 |
search file and directory into root filesystem from '/' |
| find / -user user1 |
search files and directories belonging to 'user1' |
| find /home/user1 -name *.bin |
search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1' |
| find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 |
search bynary files are not used in the last 100 days |
| find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 |
search files created or changed within 10 days |
| find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 {} ; |
search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits |
| find / -name *.rpm -xdev |
search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.… |
| locate *.ps |
find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command |
| whereis halt |
show location of a binary file, source or man |
| which halt |
show full path to a binary / executable |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Mounting a Filesystem |
| mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 |
mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2' |
| umount /dev/hda2 |
unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first |
| fuser -km /mnt/hda2 |
force umount when the device is busy |
| umount -n /mnt/hda2 |
run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full |
| mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy |
mount a floppy disk |
| mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom |
mount a cdrom / dvdrom |
| mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder |
mount a cdrw / dvdrom |
| mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder |
mount a cdrw / dvdrom |
| mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom |
mount a file or iso image |
| mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 |
mount a Windows FAT32 file system |
| mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk |
mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive |
| mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //winclient/share /mnt/share |
mount a windows network share |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Disk Space |
| df -h |
show list of partitions mounted |
| ls -lSr |more |
show size of the files and directories ordered by size |
| du -sh dir1 |
estimate space used by directory 'dir1' |
| du -sh * | sort -rn |
show size of the files and directories sorted by size |
| rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n |
show space used by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and like) |
| dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n |
show space used by deb packages installed sorted by size (ubuntu, debian and like) |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Users and Groups |
| groupadd group_name |
create a new group |
| groupdel group_name |
delete a group |
| groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name |
rename a group |
| useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 |
create a new user belongs "admin" group |
| useradd user1 |
create a new user |
| userdel -r user1 |
delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory) |
| usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 |
change user attributes |
| passwd |
change password |
| passwd user1 |
change a user password (only by root) |
| chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 |
set deadline for user password |
| pwck |
check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence |
| grpck |
check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence |
| newgrp group_name |
log in to a new group to change default group of newly created files |
| alias hh='history' |
set an alias for a command - hh = history |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Permits on File - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove |
| ls -lh |
show permits |
| ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS |
divide terminal into 5 columns |
| chmod ugo+rwx directory1 |
set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o) |
| chmod go-rwx directory1 |
remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or |
| chown user1 file1 |
change owner of a file |
| chown user1 -R directory1 |
change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside |
| chgrp gruppo1 file1 |
change group of files |
| chown user1:gruppo1 file1 |
change user and group ownership of a file |
| find / -perm -u+s |
view all files on the system with SUID configured |
| chmod u+s /bin/file_eseguibile |
set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner |
| chmod u-s /bin/file_binario |
disable SUID bit on a binary file |
| chmod g+s /home/public |
set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory |
| chmod g-s /home/public |
disable SGID bit on a directory |
| chmod o+t /home/comune |
set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners |
| chmod o-t /home/comune |
disable STIKY bit on a directory |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Special Attributes on file - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to remove |
| chattr +a file1 |
allows write opening of a file only append mode |
| chattr +c file1 |
allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel |
| chattr +d file1 |
makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup |
| chattr +i file1 |
makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked |
| chattr +s file1 |
allows a file to be deleted safely |
| chattr +S file1 |
makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync |
| chattr +u file1 |
allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled |
| lsattr |
show specials attributes |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Archives and compressed files |
| bunzip2 file1.bz2 |
decompress a file called 'file1.bz2' |
| bzip2 file1 |
compress a file called 'file1' |
| gunzip file1.gz |
decompress a file called 'file1.gz' |
| gzip file1 |
compress a file called 'file1' |
| gzip -9 file1 |
compress with maximum compression |
| rar a file1.rar test_file |
create an archive rar called 'file1.rar' |
| rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 |
compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously |
| rar x file1.rar |
decompress rar archive |
| unrar x file1.rar |
decompress rar archive |
| tar -cvf archive.tar file1 |
create a uncompressed tarball |
| tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 |
create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' |
| tar -tf archive.tar |
show contents of an archive |
| tar -xvf archive.tar |
extract a tarball |
| tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp |
extract a tarball into / tmp |
| tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 |
create a tarball compressed into bzip2 |
| tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 |
decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2 |
| tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 |
create a tarball compressed into gzip |
| tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz |
decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip |
| zip file1.zip file1 |
create an archive compressed in zip |
| zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 |
compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously |
| unzip file1.zip |
decompress a zip archive |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| RPM Packages - Fedora, Red Hat and like |
| rpm -ivh package.rpm |
install a rpm package |
| rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm |
install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests |
| rpm -U package.rpm |
upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files |
| rpm -F package.rpm |
upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed |
| rpm -e package_name.rpm |
remove a rpm package |
| rpm -qa |
show all rpm packages installed on the system |
| rpm -qa | grep httpd |
show all rpm packages with the name "httpd" |
| rpm -qi package_name |
obtain information on a specific package installed |
| rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" |
show rpm packages of a group software |
| rpm -ql package_name |
show list of files provided by a rpm package installed |
| rpm -qc package_name |
show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed |
| rpm -q package_name --whatrequires |
show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet |
| rpm -q package_name --whatprovides |
show capability provided by a rpm package |
| rpm -q package_name --scripts |
show scripts started during installation / removal |
| rpm -q package_name --changelog |
show history of revisions of a rpm package |
| rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf |
verify which rpm package belongs to a given file |
| rpm -qp package.rpm -l |
show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed |
| rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY |
import public-key digital signature |
| rpm --checksig package.rpm |
verify the integrity of a rpm package |
| rpm -qa gpg-pubkey |
verify integrity of all rpm packages installed |
| rpm -V package_name |
check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification |
| rpm -Va |
check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution |
| rpm -Vp package.rpm |
verify a rpm package not yet installed |
| rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* |
extract executable file from a rpm package |
| rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm |
install a package built from a rpm source |
| rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm |
build a rpm package from a rpm source |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| YUM packages updater - Fedora, RedHat and like |
| yum install package_name |
download and install a rpm package |
| yum update |
update all rpm packages installed on the system |
| yum update package_name |
upgrade a rpm package |
| yum remove package_name |
remove a rpm package |
| yum list |
list all packages installed on the system |
| yum search package_name |
find a package on rpm repository |
| yum clean packages |
clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages |
| yum clean headers |
remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency |
| yum clean all |
remove from the cache packages and headers files |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| DEB packages - Debian, Ubuntu and like |
| dpkg -i package.deb |
install / upgrade a deb package |
| dpkg -r package_name |
remove a deb package from the system |
| dpkg -l |
show all deb packages installed on the system |
| dpkg -l | grep httpd |
show all rpm packages with the name "httpd" |
| dpkg -s package_name |
obtain information on a specific package installed on system |
| dpkg -L package_name |
show list of files provided by a package installed on system |
| dpkg --contents package.deb |
show list of files provided by a package not yet installed |
| dpkg -S /bin/ping |
verify which package belongs to a given file |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| APT packages updater - Debian, Ubuntu e like |
| apt-get install package_name |
install / upgrade a deb package |
| apt-cdrom install package_name |
install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom |
| apt-get update |
update all deb packages installed on system |
| apt-get remove package_name |
remove a deb package from system |
| apt-get check |
verify correct resolution of dependencies |
| apt-get clean |
clean up cache from packages downloaded |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| View file content |
| cat file1 |
view the contents of a file starting from the first row |
| tac file1 |
view the contents of a file starting from the last line |
| more file1 |
view content of a file along |
| less file1 |
similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement |
| head -2 file1 |
view first two lines of a file |
| tail -2 file1 |
view last two lines of a file |
| tail -f /var/log/messages |
view in real time what is added to a file |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Text Manipulation |
| cat file_test | [operation: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] > result.txt |
syntax to elaborate the text of a file, and write result to a new file |
| cat file_originale | [operazione: sed, grep, awk, grep, etc] >> result.txt |
syntax to elaborate the text of a file and append result in existing file |
| grep Aug /var/log/messages |
look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' |
| grep ^Aug /var/log/messages |
look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' |
| grep [0-9] /var/log/messages |
select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers |
| grep Aug -R /var/log/* |
search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below |
| grep Aug /var/log/messages |
write result of a search within a file |
| sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt |
replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt |
| sed '/^$/d' example.txt |
remove all blank lines from example.txt |
| sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' example.txt |
remove comments and blank lines from example.txt |
| echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' |
convert from lower case in upper case |
| sed -e '1d' result.txt |
eliminates the first line from file example.txt |
| sed -n '/stringa1/p' |
view only lines that contain the word "string1" |
| sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt |
remove empty characters at the end of each row |
| sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt |
remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all |
| sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt |
view from 1th to 5th row |
| sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt |
view row number 5 |
| sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt |
replace more zeros with a single zero |
| cat -n file1 |
number row of a file |
| cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' |
remove all even lines from example.txt |
| echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' |
view the first column of a line |
| echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' |
view the first and third column of a line |
| paste file1 file2 |
merging contents of two files for columns |
| paste -d '+' file1 file2 |
merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center |
| sort file1 file2 |
sort contents of two files |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq |
sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u |
sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d |
sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line |
| comm -1 file1 file2 |
compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1' |
| comm -2 file1 file2 |
compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2' |
| comm -3 file1 file2 |
compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Character set and Format file conversion |
| dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt |
convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX |
| unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt |
convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS |
| recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html |
convert a text file to html |
| recode -l | more |
show all available formats conversion |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Filesystem Analysis |
| badblocks -v /dev/hda1 |
check bad blocks in disk hda1 |
| fsck /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1 |
| fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 |
| e2fsck /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 |
| e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 |
| fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 |
| fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1 |
| fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1 |
| dosfsck /dev/hda1 |
repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1 |
| linux commands line v1.0 - LinuxGuide.it |
| Format a Filesystem |
| mkfs /dev/hda1 |
create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition |
| mke2fs /dev/hda1 |
create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition |
Publish: May 14, 2007
Category: 网络相关
Author: 啸傲子
2 Comments
百度出错了，我用FF内置的百度搜索，发现出错，开始以为是关键字被封，但是换了个也这样。
于是直接打开百度，网站能打开，输入“王小波论坛”搜索，一样出错，见图
哈哈，WIN系统，ASP。SQL
但是不到1分钟就好了。
Publish: April 4, 2007
Category: 网络相关
Author: 啸傲子
No Comments
下载了下来。真好用。强大。 聪明的谷歌拼音输入法五大特色：
- 流行词汇：整合互联网上的流行词汇、热门搜索一网打尽，词组丰富强大。
- 您可以将使用习惯和个人字典同步在 Google 帐号，一个跟您走的个性化输入法。
- 一键搜索：拼写输入的同时轻点一键即可快捷搜索。输入法结合搜索框一举两得。
- 英文提示：打英文时只需输入前几个字母，输入法自动提示您可能要找的单字。
下载地址： http://tools.google.com/pinyin/ Google本土化的一个产品。 更多请看
Publish: January 18, 2007
Category: 网络相关
Author: 啸傲子
1 Comment
一般信息：http://www.alexa.com/data/details/?url=wangxiaobo.cn
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http://www.alexa.com/site/site_stats/signup 流量排名
http://www.alexa.com/site/site_stats/signup?mode=stats 站点统计
http://www.alexa.com/site/site_stats/signup?mode=graph 流量历史图片 让你的网站轻松加入Alexa五星级行列 一段日子以来，Alexa.com做为第三方统计网站的权威认证，被国内一些网站（包括个人网站和众多门户媒体网站）拿来说明自己网站的实力。常常在某些网站上会看到这样的说明：“国际消息：据亚马逊网站www.amazon.com）麾下的Alexa.com的最新资料显示，XX网站在Alexa全球用户中的被评为☆☆☆☆☆级。” 难道这真是Alexa.com认证的五星级？下面我们也来创造一个所谓Alexa的五星级认证，Let’s Go！ 用我的网站来举例吧！首先登录Alexa.com网站（http://www.alexa.com），在搜索栏中键入自己的网站地址，然后点击按钮“GO”。如果您的网站已经被Alexa.com网站收录并统计，就会转到http://www.alexa.com/data/details?url=您的网站URL页面。 统计数据主要有两个：一个是真正权威的排名统计（Traffic Rank for 网站的URL：网站排名）；另一个Avg. Review：N星，是一些网站所谓的“权威认证”。 点击此页面下的“Write a review...”链接就会进入网友评论页面，下面就是我们要做的事情了，填写上你的名字、评论标题和评论的内容。这些都不是最重要的，看到一个下拉菜单没有？这里就是关键所在，选择“5 stars”吧，你的网站很快就会成为五星级网站！还有一个重要的地方是，你的邮件地址一定要填写正确，这是你网站成为Alexa五星认证网站的重要保障。 全部填写完毕提交后，系统会给你一个提示 “Thank You! Your review is being processed.A confirmation e-mail will arrive in your e-mail box in a few moments. You must reply to the confirmation e-mail to complete the submission process.”意思是说你必须回复系统给你的这个邮件。 过一段时间你的邮箱就会收到一封来自Alexa.com的认证信件。按照信中写的，点击需要认证的连接，余下来的事情就是等待了。几天后你会发现，你的评论已经显示在Alexa.com了，那诱人的五角星也飘扬在“Avg. Review”的旁边了：） 看到这里，大家应该明白所谓“五星级”并不是Alexa.com认证的，其实它只是网友们对这个网站的一个评价的平均分数而已。相信大家看了这篇文章以后就不会再对那些所谓号称“☆☆☆☆☆”认证网站迷信了！ 相关资料： Alexa.com 的这一统计数据是基于全球用户在过去三个月的历史流量数据，综合各个网址的被“触及量”和“页面浏览量”而计算得出的。“触及量”是指某一天内使用 Alexa工具条访问某一网址的用户数（IP地址）。“页面浏览量”是指Alexa.com用户对某一网址的URL需求的总次数（同一天内同一用户多次访问同一URL被计为1个页面浏览）。
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